Bibliography on Programming by Example and related subjects

[Abbot 84]
Abbott E., Flatland - A Romance of Many Dimensions, Signet Classics, New York, 1984.

[Abelson 80]
Abelson H. and di Sessa A., Turtle Geometry, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1980.

[Abelson 87]
Abelson H. and di Sessa A., "Boxer: A Reconstructible Computational Medium," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 29, No. 9, September 1987, pp. 859 - 868.

[Affinity 91]
Tempo II Plus, Affinity Microsystems Ltd., Boulder, CO, 1991.

[Agre 88]
Agre P., "The Dynamic Structure of Everyday Life," Technical Report No. 1085, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988.

[Anderson 80]
Anderson B., "Programming in the Home of the Future," International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, May 1980, pp. 341 - 365.

[Andreae 77]
Andreae J., Thinking with the Teachable Machine, Academic Press, London, 1977.

[Andreae 85]
Andreae P., "Justified Generalization: Acquiring Procedures from Examples," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985.

[Angluin 83]
Angluin D. and Smith C., "Inductive Inference: Theory and Methods," ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 3, No. 15, September 1983, pp. 237 - 269.

[Apple 85]
Apple Computer Inc., Inside Macintosh, Volume 2, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1985.

[Apple 86]
Apple Computer Inc., Inside Macintosh, Volume 4, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1986.

[Apple 91]
Apple Computer Inc., Inside Macintosh, Volume 6, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1991.

[Arent 89]
Arent M., Vertelney L. and Lieberman H., "Two Disciplines in Search of an Interface: Reflections on a Design Problem," The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, Laurel B. ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989, pp. 45 - 55.

[Arnheim 71]
Arnheim R., Visual Thinking, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1971.

[Articulate 90]
Voice Navigator: Quick Start, Instruction Manual, Articulate Systems Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1990.

[Asente 87]
Asente P., "Editing Graphical Objects Using Procedural Representations," Research Report No. 87/6, Western Research Laboratory, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1987.

[Attardi 82]
Attardi G. and Simi M., "Extending the Power of Programming by Examples," Proceedings of the Conference on Office Information Systems, ACM, Philadelphia, June 1982, pp. 52 - 66.

[Baecker 91]
Baecker R., Small I. and Mander R., "Bringing Icons to Life," Proceedings of CHI '91, ACM, New Orleans, May 1991, pp. 1 - 6.

[Baltes 92]
Baltes J., "A Symmetric Version Space Algorithm for Learning Disjunctive String Concepts," Research Report No. 92/468/06, Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 1992.

[Bannon 83]
Bannon L., Cypher A., Greenspan S. and Monty M., "Evaluation and Analysis of UserÕs Activity Organization," Proceedings of CHI '83, ACM, Boston, December 1983, pp. 54-57.

[Bareiss 89]
Bareiss R., Exemplar-Based Knowledge Acquisition, Academic Press, San Diego, 1989.

[Barstow 79]
Barstow D., A Knowledge-Based Program Construction, North-Holland, New York, 1979.

[Barth 86]
Barth P., "An Object-Oriented Approach to Graphical Interfaces," ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 1986, pp. 142 - 172.

[Bauer 79]
Bauer M., "Programming by Examples," Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 12, No. 1, May 1979, pp. 1 - 21.

[Bell 90]
Bell T., Cleary J. and Witten I., Text Compression, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990.

[Bell 91]
Bell B., Rieman J. and Lewis C., "Usability Testing of a Graphical Programming System: Things We Missed in a Programming Walkthrough," Proceedings of CHI '91, ACM, New Orleans, May 1991, pp. 7 - 12.

[Bier 86]
Bier E. and Stone M., "Snap-Dragging," Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '86, Vol. 20, No. 4, ACM, Dallas, August 1986, pp. 233 - 240.

[Biermann 72]
Biermann A., "On the Inference of Turing Machines from Sample Computations," Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 3, No. 3, Fall 1972, pp. 181 - 198.

[Biermann 76a]
Biermann A., "Approaches to Automatic Programming," Advances in Computers, Rubinoff M. and Yovitz M. eds., Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 1 - 63.

[Biermann 76b]
Biermann A. and Krishnaswamy R., "Constructing Programs from Example Computations," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. SE-2, No. 3, September 1976, pp. 141 - 153.

[Biermann 76c]
Biermann A., "Regular LISP Programs and Their Automatic Synthesis from Examples," Technical Report No. CS-1976-12, Department of Computer Science, Duke University, 1976.

[Bolt 84]
Bolt R., The Human Interface, Lifelong Learning Associates, Berkeley, California, 1984.

[Borning 79]
Borning A., "Thinglab-A Constraint-Oriented Simulation Laboratory," Technical Report No. SSL-79-3, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1979.

[Borning 81]
Borning A., "The Programming Language Aspects of Thinglab; a Constraint-Oriented Simulation Laboratory," ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol. 3, No. 4, October 1981, pp. 353 - 387.

[Borning 86a]
Borning A., "Defining Constraints Graphically," Proceedings of CHI '86, ACM, Boston, April 1986, pp. 137 - 143.

[Borning 86b]
Borning A. and Duisberg R., "Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces," ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol. 5, No. 4, October 1986, pp. 345 - 374.

[Botzum 92]
Botzum K., "An Empirical Study of Shell Programs," Unpublished document, Bellcore, 1992.

[Brand 87]
Brand S., The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT, Viking Penguin Inc., New York, 1987.

[Brondmo 90]
Brondmo H. and Davenport G., "Creating and Viewing The Elastic Charles," Hypertext: State of the Art, Intellect Ltd., Oxford, 1990.

[Brown 68]
Brown D. and Lewis J., "The Process of Conceptualization," Educational Policy Center Research Note EPRC-6747-9/SRI Project 6747, Stanford Research Institute, Stanford University, 1968.

[Brown 81]
Brown P., "Dynamic Program Building," Technical Report No. STAN-CS-81-838, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1981.

[Brown 87]
Brown P. and Gould J., "An Experimental Study of People Creating Spreadsheets," ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1987, pp. 258 - 272.

[Bruner 66]
Bruner J., Toward the Theory of Instruction, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1966.

[Buchanan 76]
Buchanan B. and Shortliffe E., Computer-Based Medical Consultation: The MYCIN Experiments at Stanford, American Elsevier, New York, 1976.

[Buneman 79]
Buneman O. and Clemons E., "Efficiently Monitoring Relational Databases," ACM Transactions on Database Systems, Vol. 4, No. 3, September 1979, pp. 368 - 382.

[Burstall 76]
Burstall R. and Darlington J., "A Transformation System for Developing Recursive Programs," DAI Research Report No. 19, University of Edinburgh, 1976.

[Buxton 83]
Buxton W., Lamb M., Sherman D. and Smith K., "Towards a Comprehensive User Interface Management System," Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '83, Vol. 17, No. 3, ACM, Detroit, July 1983, pp. 35 - 42.

[Carbonell 90]
Machine learning: Paradigms and Methods, Carbonell J. ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990.

[CESoftware 90]
QuicKeys 2, CESoftware Inc., West Des Moines, IA, 1990.

[Charniak 85]
Charniak E. and McDermott D., An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1985.

[Chakravarthy 92]
Chakravarthy A., Haase K. and Weitzman L., "A Uniform Memory-based Representation for Visual Languages," Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, EECAI, Vienna, August 1992, pp. 769 - 773.

[Chang 90]
Principles of Visual Programming Systems, Chang S. ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990.

[Clocksin 81]
Clocksin, W. and Mellish, C., Programming in Prolog, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1981.

[Cohen 89]
Cohen L. and Manion L., Research Methods in Education, Third Edition, Routledge, London, 1989.

[Cohn 88]
Cohn R., "Programmable Command Languages for Window Systems," Technical Report No. CMU-CS-88-139, Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 1988.

[Coyne 89]
Coyne R., Rosenman M., Radford A., Balachandran M. and Gero J., Knowledge Based Design Systems, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989.

[Cuff 80]
Cuff R., "On Casual Users," International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, February 1980, pp. 163-187.

[Cunniff 87]
Cunniff N. and Taylor R., "Graphical vs. Textual Representation: An Empirical Study of NovicesÕ Program Comprehension," Empirical Studies of Programmers: Second Workshop, Ablex, Norwood, NJ, 1987, pp. 114 - 131.

[Curry 78]
Curry G., "Programming by Abstract Demonstration," Technical Report No. 78-03-02, University of Washington Seattle, 1978.

[Cutter 87]
Cutter M., Halpern B. and Spiegel J., MacDraw, Apple Computer Inc., Cupertino, CA, 1987.

[Cypher 86]
Cypher A., "The Structure of UsersÕ Activities," User Centered System Design, Norman D. and Draper S. eds., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1986, pp. 243-263.

[Cypher 90]
Cypher A., "Managing the Mundane," The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, Laurel B. ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990, pp. 155-160.

[Cypher 91a]
Cypher A., "Eager: Programming Repetitive Tasks by Example," Proceedings of CHI '91, ACM, New Orleans, May 1991, pp. 33 - 39.

[Cypher 91b]
Cypher A., "Customizing Application Programs," Proceedings of the Moscow International Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction, ICSTI, Moscow, August 1991, pp. 152-157.

[Darragh 92]
Darragh J. and Witten I., The Reactive Keyboard, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992.

[de Raedt 89]
de Raedt L. and Bruynooghe M., "Towards Friendly Concept Learners." Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI, Rome, August 1989, pp. 849 - 854.

[Degen 92]
Degen L., Mander R. and Salomon G., "Working with Audio: Integrating Personal Tape Recorders and Desktop Computers," Proceedings of CHI Ô92, ACM, Monterey, CA, May 1992, pp. 413 - 418.

[Dennett 87]
Dennett D., The Intentional Stance, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987.

[Digital 72]
DECsystem-10 User's Handbook, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, MA, 1972.

[Faught 80a]
Faught W., Waterman D., Klahr P., Rosenschein S., Gorlin D. and Tepper S., "EP-2: A Prototype Exemplary Programming System," Research Report No. R-2411-ARPA, Rand Corporation, 1980.

[Faught 80b]
Faught W., "Applications of Exemplary Programming," Proceedings of the National Computer Conference Ô80, AFIPS, Anaheim, CA, May 1980, pp. 459 - 464.

[Finzer 84a]
Finzer W. and Gould L., "Programming by Rehearsal," Research Report No. SCL-84-1, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1984.

[Finzer 84b]
Finzer W. and Gould L., "Programming by Rehearsal," BYTE, Vol. 9, No. 6, June 1984, pp. 187 - 210.

[Fisher 87]
Fisher D., "Knowledge Acquisition via Conceptual Clustering," Technical Report No. 8722, Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, 1987.

[Fisher 92]
Fisher G. and Busse D., "Adding Rule-Based Reasoning to a Demonstrational Interface Builder," Proceedings of the Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, ACM SIGGRAPH, Monterey, CA, November 1992, pp. 89-97.

[Foley 86]
Foley J. and McMath C., "Dynamic Process Visualization," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 6, No. 2, March 1986, pp. 16 - 25.

[Fuller 88]
Fuller N. and Prusinkiewicz P., "Geometric Modeling with Euclidean Constructions," Proceedings of Computer Graphics International '88, NCGA, Geneva, June 1988, pp. 379 - 391.

[Fuller 89]
Fuller I., "An Overview of the HP NewWave Environment," HP Journal, August 1989, pp. 6 - 8.

[Furnas 91]
Furnas G., "New Graphical Reasoning Models for Understanding Graphical Interfaces," Proceedings of CHI '91, ACM, New Orleans, May 1991, pp. 71 - 78.

[Gaines 76]
Gaines B., "Behaviour/Structure Transformations Under Uncertainty," International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3, May 1976, pp. 337 - 365.

[Gennari 90]
Gennari J., Langley P. and Fisher D., "Models of Incremental Concept Formation," Machine Learning: Paradigms and Methods, Carbonell J. ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990, pp. 11 - 61.

[Gentner 83]
Gentner D., "Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy," Cognitive Science, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1983, pp. 155 - 170.

[Gleicher 92]
Gleicher M., "Briar-A Constraint-Based Drawing Program," SIGGRAPH Ô92 Video Review, Vol. 77, No. 9, ACM, 1992.

[Goguen 87]
Goguen J., "Programming by Generic Example," Second International Conference on Supercomputing, Volume 1, Kartashev L. and Kartashev S. eds., International Supercomputing Institute Inc., New York, 1987, pp. 209 - 216.

[Goldberg 83]
Goldberg A. and Robson D., Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1983.

[Goldberg 84]
Goldberg A., Smalltalk-80: The Interactive Programming Environment, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1984.

[Gombrich 60]
Gombrich E., Art and Illusion, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1960.

[Gould 82a]
Gould J., Conti J. and Hovanyecz T., "Composing Letters with a Simulated Listening Typewriter," Proceedings of CHI Ô82, ACM, Gaithersburg, MD, March 1982, pp. 367 - 370.

[Gould 82b]
Gould L. and Finzer, W., "A Study of TRIP: A Computer System for Animating Time-Rate-Distance Problems," International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, July 1982, pp. 109 Ð 126.

[Gourlay 86]
Gourlay J., Interactive Typesetting of Music, Ohio State University, Ohio, 1986.

[Green 75]
Green C. and Barstow D., "Some rules for the Automatic Synthesis of Programs," Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI, Tbilisi, USSR, September 1975, pp. 232 - 239.

[Hadamard 45]
Hadamard J., The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field, Dover Publications, New York, 1945.

[Halbert 80a]
Halbert D., "Programming for Non-Programmers," Internal document, Office Products Division, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1980.

[Halbert 80b]
Halbert D., "Programming by the Users: Command Recording in a Prototype of Star," Internal document, Office Products Division, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1980.

[Halbert 81]
Halbert D., "An Example of Programming by Example," Masters Thesis, University of California Berkeley, 1981.

[Halbert 84]
Halbert D., "Programming by Example," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Berkeley, 1984. Also as: Halbert D., "Programming by example," Technical Report No. OSD- T8402, Office Systems Division, Xerox Corporation, 1984.

[Hansen 90]
Hansen W., "Enhancing Documents with Embedded Programs: How Ness Extends Insets in the Andrew ToolKit," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Languages, IEEE, New Orleans, March 1990, pp. 23 - 32.

[Hashimoto 92]
Hashimoto O. and Myers B., "Graphical Styles For Building User Interfaces by Demonstration," Proceedings of the Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, ACM SIGGRAPH, Monterey, CA, November 1992, pp. 117-124.

[Hauptmann 89]
Hauptmann A., "Speech and Gestures for Graphic Image Manipulation," Proceedings of CHI '89, ACM, Austin, TX, May 1989, pp. 241 - 245.

[Hayes-Roth 83]
Building Expert Systems, Hayes-Roth F., Waterman D. and Lenat D. eds., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1983.

[Hedrick 74]
Hedrick C., "A Computer Program to Learn Production Systems Using a Semantic Net," Ph.D. Thesis, School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie-Mellon University, 1974.

[Heise 89]
Heise R., "Demonstration Instead of Programming: Focussing Attention in Robot Task Acquisition," Research Report No. 89/360/22, Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 1989.

[Heise 92]
Heise R., "Programming Robots by Example," Research Report No. 92/476/14, Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 1992.

[Henderson 86]
Henderson D., "The Trillium User Interface Design Environment," Proceedings of CHI '86, ACM, Boston, April 1986, pp. 221 - 227.

[Henry 88]
Henry T. and Hudson S., "Using Active Data in a UIMS," Proceedings of the Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, ACM SIGGRAPH, Banff, October 1988, pp. 167 - 178.

[Hill 88]
Hill W. and Miller J., "Justified Advice: A Semi-Naturalistic Study of Advisory Strategies," Proceedings of CHI '88, ACM, Washington D.C., May 1988, pp. 185 - 190.

[Hollan 84]
Hollan J., Hutchins E. and Weitzman L., "Steamer: An Interactive Inspectable Simulation-Based Training System," AI Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1984, pp. 15-28,

[Hudson 90]
Hudson S. and Mohamed S., "Interactive Specification of Flexible User Interface Displays," ACM Transactions on Information Systems, Vol. 8, No. 3, July 1990, pp. 269 - 288.

[Hutchins 86]
Hutchins E., Hollan J. and Norman D., "Direct Manipulation Interfaces," User Centered System Design: New Perspectives in Human-Computer Interaction, Norman D. and Draper S. eds., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1986, pp. 87 - 124.

[Ishizaki 88]
Ishizaki S., "Example Based Programming," M.Sc. Thesis, Visible Language Workshop, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988.

[Jackiw 92]
Jackiw R., The GeometerÕs Sketchpad, Key Curriculum Press, Berkeley, CA, 1992.

[Johnson 88]
Johnson J. and Beach R., "Styles in Document Editing Systems," IEEE Computer, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 1988, pp. 32 - 43.

[Johnson IP]
Johnson W., Feather M., Harris D. and Benner K., "Representation and presentation of requirements knowledge," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, In press.

[Joy 79]
Joy W., An Introduction to the C Shell, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1979.

[Kalay 87]
Computability of Design, Kalay Y. ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1987.

[Karimi 89]
Karimi S. and Cypher A., "Eager: A User Study," Technical Report No. 89-09, ATG Human Interface Group, Apple Computer Inc., 1989.

[Karsenty 92]
Karsenty S., Landay J. and Weikart C., "Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit," Research Report No. 17, Paris Research Laboratory, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1992.

[Kim 88]
Kim S., "Viewpoint: Toward a Computer for Visual Thinkers," Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, 1988.

[Knuth 86]
Knuth D., TeX: The Program, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1986.

[Kosbie 93]
Kosbie D., "KATIE: An Architecture for Improved System-Wide, Event-Based Macro Facilities," Ph.D. Thesis, Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 1993.

[Krasner 83]
Krasner G., Smalltalk-80: Bits of History, Words of Advice, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1983.

[Krawchuk 88]
Krawchuk B. and Witten I., "On Asking the Right Questions," Proceedings of the Fifth International Machine Learning Conference, AAAI, Ann Arbor, MI, June 1988, pp. 15 - 21.

[Kurlander 88a]
Kurlander D. and Bier E., "Graphical Search and Replace," Proceedings of SIGGRAPH Ô88, Vol. 22, No. 4, ACM, Atlanta, August 1988, pp. 113 - 120.

[Kurlander 88b]
Kurlander D. and Feiner S., "Editable Graphical Histories," Proceedings of the 1988 Workshop on Visual Languages, IEEE, Pittsburgh, October 1988, pp. 127 - 133.

[Kurlander 90]
Kurlander D. and Feiner, S., "A Visual Language for Browsing, Undoing, and Redoing Graphical Interface Commands," Visual Languages and Visual Programming, Chang S. ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1990, pp. 257 - 275.

[Kurlander 91]
Kurlander D. and Feiner S., "Inferring Constraints from Multiple Snapshots," Technical Report No. CUCS 008-91, Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, May 1991.

[Kurlander 92a]
Kurlander D., "Graphical Editing by Example: A Demonstration," Unpublished videotape, Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, 1992.

[Kurlander 92b]
Kurlander D. and Feiner S., "Interactive Constraint-Based Search and Replace." Proceedings of CHI '92, ACM, Monterey, CA, May 1992, pp. 609 - 618.

[Kurlander 92c]
Kurlander D., "Graphical Editing by Example," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, 1992.

[Lau-Kee 90]
Lau-Kee D., "Visual and By-Example Interactive Systems for Non-Programmers," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of York, 1990.

[Lakin 86]
Lakin F., "Spatial Parsing for Visual Languages," Visual Languages, Chang S. K., Ichikawa T. and Ligomenedes P. eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1986, pp. 35 - 85.

[Lawler 85]
Lawler B., Computer Experience and Cognitive Development, Ellis Horwood and Sons, New York, 1985.

[Leiser 89]
Leiser R., "Exploiting Convergence to Improve Natural Language Understanding," Interacting with Computers, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1989, pp. 284 - 298.

[Leler 88]
Leler W., Constraint Programming Languages: Their Specification and Generation, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1988.

[Lenat 78]
Lenat D. and Harris G., "Designing a Rule System that Searches for Scientific Discoveries," Pattern-Directed Inference Systems, Waterman D. and Hayes-Roth F. eds., Academic Press, New York, 1978.

[Lerner 89]
Lerner B., "Automated Customization of User Interfaces," Technical Report No. CMU-CS-89-178, Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 1989.

[Lewis 87]
Lewis C. and Olson G., "Can Principles of Cognition Lower the Barriers to Programming?" Empirical Studies of Programmers: Second Workshop, Ablex, Norwood, NJ, 1987, pp. 248 - 263.

[Lieberman 80]
Lieberman H. and Hewitt C., "A Session with Tinker: Interleaving Program Testing With Program Design," Conference Record of the 1980 LISP Conference, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, August 1980, pp. 90 - 99.

[Lieberman 81]
Lieberman H., "Tinker: Example-Based Programming for Artificial Intelligence," Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI, Vancouver, August 1981, p. 1060.

[Lieberman 82a]
Lieberman H., "Constructing Graphical User Interfaces by Example," Proceedings of Graphics Interface '82, NCGA, Toronto, May 1982, pp. 295 - 302.

[Lieberman 82b]
Lieberman H., "Designing Interactive Systems From The User's Viewpoint," Integrated Interactive Computer Systems, Degano P. and Sandewall E. eds., North Holland, New York, 1982, pp. 45 - 59.

[Lieberman 84a]
Lieberman H., "Steps Toward Better Debugging Tools for Lisp," Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming, ACM, Austin, TX, August 1984, pp. 247 - 255.

[Lieberman 84b]
Lieberman H., "Seeing What Your Programs Are Doing," International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 21, No. 4, October 1984, pp. 311 - 331.

[Lieberman 85a]
Lieberman H., "ThereÕs More to Menu Systems Than Meets the Screen," Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '85, Vol. 19, No. 3, ACM, San Francisco, July 1985, pp. 181 - 189.

[Lieberman 85b]
Lieberman H., "Video Games by Example," SIGGRAPH Ô85 Video Review, Vol. 12, No. 1, ACM, 1985.

[Lieberman 87a]
Lieberman H., "Reversible Object-Oriented Interpreters," European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Bezivin J., Hallot J., Cointe P. and Lieberman H. eds., Springer-Verlag, Paris, 1987, pp. 11 - 19.

[Lieberman 87b]
Lieberman H., "An Example Based Environment for Beginning Programmers," Artificial Intelligence and Education, Lawler R. and Yazdani M. eds., Ablex, Norwood, NJ, 1987, pp. 135 - 151.

[Lieberman 88]
Lieberman H., "Communication of Expert Knowledge in Graphic Design," Internal document, Visible Language Workshop, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988.

[Lieberman 89]
Lieberman H., "A Three-Dimensional Representation for Program Execution," Proceedings of the 1989 Workshop on Visual Languages, IEEE, Rome, October 1989, pp. 111 - 116.

[Lieberman 91]
Lieberman H. and Fineblum M., "Storyboard-Based Programming Tools," CHI Ô91 Short Talk, ACM, New Orleans, April 1991.

[Lieberman 92a]
Lieberman H., "Capturing Design Expertise Interactively by Example," Proceedings of the East - West International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, ICSTI, St. Petersburg, USSR, August 1992, pp. 360 - 366.

[Lieberman 92b]
Lieberman H., "Dominos and Storyboards: Beyond Icons on Strings," Proceedings of the 1992 Workshop on Visual Languages, IEEE, Seattle, WA, September 1992, pp. 65 - 71.

[Lipton 90]
Lipton R. and Sedgewick R., NOTECH: Typesetting without Formatting, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1990.

[Ludolph 88]
Ludolph F., Ingalls D., Wallace S., Chow Y. and Doyle K., "The Fabrik Visual Programming Environment," Proceedings of the Conference on Object-Oriented Systems, Languages, and Applications, ACM, San Diego, September 1988, pp. 176 - 190.

[MacDonald 84]
MacDonald B., "Designing Teachable Robots," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Canterbury, 1984.

[MacDonald 87]
MacDonald B. and Witten I., "Programming Computer Controlled Systems by Non-Experts," Proceedings of the SMC Annual Conference, IEEE, Alexandria, VA, October 1987, pp. 432 - 437.

[MacDonald 91]
MacDonald B., "Instructable Systems," Knowledge Acquisition, Vol. 3, December 1991, pp. 381 - 420.

[Mackinlay 86]
Mackinlay J., "Automatic Design of Graphical Presentations," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1986.

[Manna 77]
Manna Z. and Waldinger R., "The Automatic Synthesis of Systems of Recursive Programs," ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 12, No. 8, August 1977, pp. 29 - 36.

[Mathlab 83]
Mathlab Group, "MACSYMA Reference Manual: Version 10," Internal document, Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1983.

[Maulsby 89a]
Maulsby D. and Witten I., "Inducing Procedures in a Direct-Manipulation Environment," Proceedings of CHI '89, ACM, Austin, TX, April 1989, pp. 57 - 62.

[Maulsby 89b]
Maulsby D. and Witten I., "Teaching a Mouse How to Draw," Proceedings of Graphics Interface '89, NCGA, London Ontario, June 1989, pp. 130 - 137.

[Maulsby 89c]
Maulsby D., Kittlitz K. and Witten I., "Metamouse: Specifying Graphical Procedures by Example," Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '89, Vol. 23, No. 3, ACM, Boston, August 1989, pp. 127 - 136.

[Maulsby 91]
Maulsby D. and Witten I., "Metamouse on Trial: Confessions of a Wanton Turtle," Research Report No. 91/445/29, Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 1991.

[Maulsby 92a]
Maulsby D., "Prototyping an Instructible Interface: Moctec," Proceedings of CHI '92, ACM, Monterey, CA, May 1992, pp. 153 - 154.

[Maulsby 92b]
Maulsby D., Witten I., Kittlitz K. and Francescin V., "Inferring Graphical Procedures: the Compleat Metamouse," Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 7. No. 1, 1992, pp. 47 - 89.

[Michalski 83]
Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Volume 1, Michalski R., Carbonell J. and Mitchell T. eds., Morgan Kauffman, Los Altos, CA, 1983.

[Michalski 86]
Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Volume 2, Michalski R., Carbonell J. and Mitchell T. eds., Morgan Kauffman, Los Altos, CA, 1986.

[Michalski 90]
Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Volume 3, Michalski R., Carbonell J. and Mitchell T. eds., Morgan Kauffman, Los Altos, CA, 1990.

[Mima 91]
Mima Y., "A Visual Programming Environment for Programming by Example Abstraction," Proceedings of the 1991 Workshop on Visual Languages, IEEE, Kobe, Japan, October 1991, pp. 132 - 137.

[McDermott 72]
McDermott D. and Sussman G., "The Conniver Reference Manual," Research Report No. 259, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1972.

[Mitchell 80]
Mitchell T., "The Need for Biases in Learning Generalizations," Technical Report No. CBM-TR-117, Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, 1980.

[Mitchell 82]
Mitchell T., "Generalization as Search," Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 18, No. 2, March 1982, pp. 203 - 226.

[Mitchell 83]
Mitchell T., Utgoff P. and Bannerji R., "Learning by Experimentation: Acquiring and Refining Problem Solving Heuristics," Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Volume 1, Michalski R., Carbonell J. and Mitchell T. eds., Morgan Kauffman, Los Altos, CA, 1983, pp. 163 - 190.

[Mo 89]
Mo D., "Learning Text Editing Procedures from Examples," M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 1989.

[Modugno 93]
Modugno F., "Pursuit: Adding Programming in the Interface," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 1993.

[Morris 86]
Morris J., Satyanarayanan M., Conner M., Howard J., Rosenthal D. and Smith F., "Andrew: A Distributed Personal Computing Environment," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 29, No. 3, March 1986, pp. 184 - 201.

[Myers 86a]
Myers B., "Visual Programming, Programming by Example, and Program Visualization; A Taxonomy," Proceedings of CHI '86, ACM, Boston, April 1986, pp. 59 - 66.

[Myers 86b]
Myers B. and Buxton W., "Creating Highly Interactive and Graphical User Interfaces by Demonstration," Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '86, Vol. 20, No. 4, ACM, Dallas, TX, August 1986, pp. 249 - 258.

[Myers 87a]
Myers B., "Creating Interaction Techniques by Demonstration," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1987, pp. 51 - 60.

[Myers 87b]
Myers B., "Creating User Interfaces by Demonstration: The Peridot User Interface Management System," SIGGRAPH Ô87 Video Review, Vol. 59, No. 2, ACM, 1987.

[Myers 88]
Myers B., Creating User Interfaces by Demonstration, Academic Press, San Diego, 1988.

[Myers 89a]
Myers B., "User Interface Tools: Introduction and Survey," IEEE Software, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 1989, pp. 15 - 23.

[Myers 89b]
Myers B., Vander Zanden B. and Dannenberg R., "Creating Graphical Interactive Application Objects by Demonstration," Proceedings of the Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, ACM SIGGRAPH, Williamsburg, PA, November 1989, pp. 95 - 104.

[Myers 90a]
Myers B., "Taxonomies of Visual Programming and Program Visualization," Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 1, No. 1, March 1990, pp. 97 - 123.

[Myers 90b]
Myers B., "Creating User Interfaces Using Programming-by-Example, Visual Programming, and Constraints," ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 1990, pp. 143 - 177.

[Myers 90c]
Myers B., "A New Model for Handling Input," ACM Transactions on Information Systems, Vol. 8, No. 3, July 1990, pp. 289 - 320.

[Myers 90d]
Myers B., Giuse D., Dannenberg R., Vander Zanden B., Kosbie D., Pervin E., Mickish A. and Marchal P., "Garnet: Comprehensive Support for Graphical, Highly-Interactive User Interfaces," IEEE Computer, Vol. 23, No. 11, November 1990, pp. 71 - 85.

[Myers 91a]
Myers B., "Graphical Techniques in a Spreadsheet for Specifying User Interfaces," Proceedings of CHI '91, ACM, New Orleans, April 1991, pp. 243 - 249.

[Myers 91b]
Myers B., "Text Formatting by Demonstration," Proceedings of CHI '91, ACM, New Orleans, April 1991, pp. 251 - 256.

[Myers 91c]
Myers B., Cypher A., Maulsby D., Smith D. and Shneiderman B., "Demonstrational Interfaces: Coming Soon?" Proceedings of CHI '91, ACM, New Orleans, April 1991, pp. 393 - 396.

[Myers 91d]
Myers B., "Separating Application Code from Toolkits: Eliminating the Spaghetti of Call-Backs," Proceedings of the Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, ACM SIGGRAPH, Hilton Head, NC, November 1991, pp. 211 - 220.

[Myers 91e]
Myers B., "Using AI Techniques to Create User Interfaces by Example," Intelligent User Interfaces, Sullivan J. and Tyler S. eds., ACM Press, New York, 1991, pp. 385 - 401.

[Myers 92a]
Myers B. and Vander Zanden B., "Environment for Rapid Creation of Interactive Design Tools," The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics, Vol. 8, No. 2, February 1992, pp. 94 - 116.

[Myers 92b]
Myers B., Giuse D., Dannenberg R., Vander Zanden B., Kosbie D., Marchal P., Pervin E., Mickish A., Landay J., McDaniel R. and Gupta V., "The Garnet Reference Manuals: Revised for Version 2.1," Technical Report No. CMU-CS-90-117-R3, Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 1992.

[Myers 92c]
Myers B. and Rosson M., "Survey on User Interface Programming," Proceedings of CHI '92, ACM, Monterey, CA, May 1992, pp. 195 - 202.

[Myers 92d]
Myers B., "Demonstrational Interfaces: A Step Beyond Direct Manipulation," IEEE Computer, Vol. 25, No. 8, August 1992, pp. 61 - 73.

[Myers 92e]
Myers B., Giuse D. and Vander Zanden B., "Declarative Programming in a Prototype-Instance System: Object-Oriented Programming Without Writing Methods," Proceedings of the Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications, ACM, Vancouver, BC, Canada, October 1992, pp. 184 - 200.

[Myers 92f]
Myers B., Smith D. and Horn B., "Report of the End-User Programming Working Group," Languages for Developing User Interfaces, Myers B. ed., Jones and Bartlett, Boston, 1992, pp. 343 - 366.

[Neal 89]
Neal L., "A System for Example-Based Programming," Proceedings of CHI Ô89, ACM, Austin, TX, May 1989, pp. 64-68.

[Negrino 92]
Negrino T., "Insights/How To QuicKeys2," MacWorld, April 1992, pp. 233 - 235

[Nelson 84]
Nelson G., "How to use Juno," Research Report No. CGN-11, Computer Science Laboratory, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1984.

[Nelson 85]
Nelson G., "Juno, a Constraint-Based Graphics System," Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '85, Vol. 19, No. 3, ACM, San Francisco, July 1985, pp. 235 - 243.

[Nix 83]
Nix R., "Editing by Example," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, 1983.

[Nix 84]
Nix R. "Editing by Example," Proceedings of the Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, ACM, Salt Lake City, UT, January 1984, pp. 186 - 195.

[Nix 85]
Nix R., "Editing by Example," ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol. 7, No. 4, October 1985, pp. 600 - 621.

[Oettinger 69]
Oettinger A. and Marks S., Run, Computer, Run, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1969.

[Olsen 85]
Olsen D., Dempsey E. and Rogge R., "Input-Output Linkage in a User Interface Management System," Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '85, Vol. 19, No. 3, ACM, San Francisco, July 1985, pp. 191 - 197.

[Olsen 86]
Olsen D., "MIKE: The Menu Interaction Kontrol Environment," ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol. 5, No. 4, October 1986, pp. 318 - 344.

[Olsen 87]
"ACM SIGGRAPH Workshop on Software Tools for User Interface Management," ACM Computer Graphics, Vol. 21, No. 2, Olsen D. ed., April 1987, pp. 71 - 147.

[Olsen 88]
Olsen D. and Dance J., "Macros by Example in a Graphical UIMS," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 8, No. 1, January 1988, pp. 68 - 78.

[Ousterhout 90]
Ousterhout J., "TCL: An Embeddable Command Language," Proceedings of the Winter 1990 USENIX Conference, USENIX, Washington D.C., January 1990, pp. 22 - 26.

[Pangaro 77]
Pangaro P., Steinberg S., Davis J. and McCann B., "EOM: A Graphically-Scripted, Simulation-Based Animation System," Internal document, Architecture Machine Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1977.

[Papert 80]
Papert S., Mindstorms, Basic Books, New York, 1980

[Pauli 90]
Pauli D., "Adaptive Robot Training: Explorations in Sensorless Manipulation," Research Report No. 90/393/17, Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 1990.

[Pavlidis 85]
Pavlidis T. and Van Wyk C., "An Automatic Beautifier for Drawings and Illustrations," Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '85, Vol. 19, No. 3, ACM, San Francisco, July 1985, pp. 225 - 234.

[Pence 88]
Pence J. and Wakefield C., Tempo II, Affinity MicroSystems, Boulder, CO, 1988.

[Petzold 91]
Petzold C., "Windows 3.1 - Hello to TrueType, OLE, and Easier DDe; Farewell to Real Mode," Microsoft Systems Journal, Vol. 6, No. 5, September 1991, pp. 17 - 26.

[Piernot 91]
Piernot P. and Yvon M., "Interfaces Graphiques Intelligentes: Le Cas des Interfaces DŽmonstrationnelles," Internal Document, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Informatique of Paris, 1991.

[Porter 90]
Porter B., Bareiss R. and Holte R., "Concept Learning and Heuristic Classification in Weak-Theory Domains," Readings in Machine Learning, Shavlik J. and Dieterrich T. eds., Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA, 1990, pp. 710 - 746.

[Pfaff 85]
User Interface Management Systems, Pfaff G. ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985.

[Quinlan 86]
Quinlan J., "Induction of Decision Trees," Machine Learning, Volume 1, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1986, pp. 81 - 106.

[Rajan 88]
Rajan T. and Eisenstadt M., The Transparent Prolog Machine, Milton Keynes, England, 1988.

[Ramamoorthy 87]
Ramamoorthy C., Shekhar S. and Garg V., "Software Development Support for AI Programs," IEEE Computer, Vol. 20, No. 1, January 1987, pp. 30 - 40.

[Reid 85]
Reid B. and Walker J., Scribe User Manual, Fourth Edition, Unilogic Ltd., Pittsburgh, 1985,

[Rich 88]
Rich C. and Waters R., "The ProgrammerÕs Apprentice: A Research Overview," IEEE Computer, Vol. 21, No. 11, November 1988, pp. 11 - 25.

[Rubin 85]
Rubin R., Golin E. and Reiss S., "ThinkPad: a Graphical System for Programming by Demonstration," IEEE Software, Vol. 2, No. 2, March 1985, pp. 73 - 79.

[Rubin 86]
Rubin R., Reiss S. and Golin E., "Compiler Aspects of an Environment for Programming by Demonstration," Research Report No. BROWN CS-86-21, Brown University, Department of Computer Science, 1986.

[Rubine 91a]
Rubine D., "Specifying Gestures by Example," Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '91, Vol. 21, No. 4, ACM, Las Vegas, July 1991, pp. 329 - 337.

[Rubine 91b]
Rubine D., "The Automatic Recognition of Gestures," Technical Report No. CMU-CS-91-202, Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 1991.

[Rychener 78]
Rychener M. and Newell A., "An Instructable Production System: Basic Design Issues," Pattern-Directed Inference Systems, Waterman D. and Hayes-Roth F. eds., Academic Press, New York, 1978.

[Sassin 92]
Sassin M. and Bocionek S., "Programming by Demonstration: A Basis for Auto-Customizable Workstation Software," Internal document, Siemens AG, 1992.

[Shapiro 86]
Shapiro E., Algorithmic Program Debugging, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986.

[Shavlik 90]
Readings in Machine Learning, Shavlik J. and Dieterrich T. eds., Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA, 1990.

[Shaw 75]
Shaw D., Swartout W. and Green C., "Inferring Lisp Programs from Examples," Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI, Tbilisi, USSR, September 1975, pp. 260 - 267.

[Shneiderman 83]
Shneiderman B., "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages," IEEE Computer, Vol. 16, No. 8, August 1983, pp. 57 - 69.

[Shu 88]
Shu N., Visual Programming, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1988.

[Siklossy 75]
Siklossy L. and Sykes D., "Automatic Program Synthesis from Example," Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI, Tbilisi, USSR, September 1975, pp. 268 - 273.

[Singh 90]
Singh G., Kok C. and Ngan T., "Druid: A System for Demonstrational Rapid User Interface Development," Proceedings of the Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, ACM SIGGRAPH, Snowbird, UT, October 1990, pp. 167 - 177.

[Singley 91]
Singley M., "Molehill: An Instructional System for Smalltalk Programming," Proceedings of CHI Ô91, ACM, New Orleans, April 1991, pp. 439-440

[Sloman 71]
Sloman A., "Interactions Between Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence: The Role of Intuition and Non-Logical Reasoning in Intelligence," Proceedings of the Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI, London, August 1971, pp. 270 - 278.

[Smith 75]
Smith D., Pygmalion: A Computer Program to Model and Stimulate Creative Thought, Birkhauser, Basel, 1977. Also as: Smith D., "Pygmalion: A Creative Programming Environment," Report No. STAN-CS-75-499, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1975.

[Smith 82a]
Smith D., Irby C., Kimball R., Verplank B. and Harslem E., "Designing the Star User Interface," Byte, Vol. 7, No. 4, April 1982, pp. 242 - 282.

[Smith 82b]
Smith D., Irby C., Kimball R. and Harslem E., "The Star User Interface: An Overview," Proceedings of the National Computer Conference Ô82, AFIPS, Houston, TX, June 1982, pp. 515 - 528.

[Spenke 89]
Spenke M. and Beilken C., "Spreadsheet Interface for Logic Programming," Proceedings of CHI '89, ACM, Austin, TX, May 1989, pp. 75 - 80.

[Stallman 79]
Stallman R., "Emacs: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor," Technical Report No. 519, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1979.

[Stallman 80]
Stallman R., "EMACS: Manual for ITS Users," Technical Report No. 554, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1980.

[Stallman 81]
Stallman R., "Emacs: The Extensible, Customizable, Self Documenting Display Editor," Technical Report No. 519A, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institutes of Technology, 1981.

[Stallman 87]
Stallman R., GNU Emacs Manual, Sixth Edition, Version 18, Free Software Foundation, Cambridge, MA, 1987.

[Stasko 91]
Stasko J., "Using Direct Manipulation to Build Algorithm Animations by Demonstration," Proceedings of CHI '91, ACM, New Orleans, April 1991, pp. 307 - 314.

[Stefik 86]
Stefik M., Bobrow D. and Kahn K., "Integrating Access-Oriented Programming into a Multi-Paradigm Environment," IEEE Software, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1986, pp. 10 - 18.

[Stevens 83]
Stevens A., Roberts B. and Stead L., "The Use of A Sophisticated Graphics Interface in Computer-Assisted Instruction," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 1983, pp. 25 - 31.

[Stifelman 92]
Stifelman L., "VoiceNotes: An Application for a Voice-Controlled Hand-Held Computer," Masters Thesis, Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992.

[Summers 77]
Summers P., "A Methodology for LISP Program Construction from Examples," Journal of the ACM, Vol. 24, No. 1, January 1977, pp. 161 - 175.

[Summers 81]
Summers P. and Grossman D., "XPROBE: An Experimental System for Programming Robots by Example," Research Report No. IBM RC 9082, IBM Research Center, 1981.

[Sutherland 63]
Sutherland I., "SketchPad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System," Proceedings of the National Computer Conference Ô63, AFIPS, Washington D.C., Spring 1963, pp. 329 - 346.

[Sutherland 65]
Sutherland I., "SketchPad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System," Technical Report No. 296, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1965.

[Tanner 79]
Industrial Robots? Volume 1: Fundamentals, Tanner W. ed., Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, MI, 1979.

[van Lehn 83]
van Lehn K., "Felicity Conditions for Human Skill Acquisition: Validating an AI-Based Theory," Research Report No. CIS-21, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1983.

[van Sommers 84]
van Sommers P., Drawing and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1984.

[Vander Zanden 90]
Vander Zanden B. and Myers B., "Automatic, Look-and-Feel Independent Dialog Creation for Graphical User Interfaces," Proceedings of CHI '90, ACM, Seattle, WA, April 1990, pp. 27 - 34.

[Vander Zanden 91a]
Vander Zanden B., Myers B., Giuse D. and Szekely P., "The Importance of Pointer Variables in Constraint Models," Proceedings of the Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, ACM SIGGRAPH, Hilton Head, NC, November 1991, pp. 155 - 164.

[Vander Zanden 91b]
Vander Zanden B. and Myers B., "Creating Graphical Interactive Application Objects by Demonstration: The Lapidary Interactive Design Tool," SIGGRAPH Ô91 Video Review, Vol. 64, No. 1, ACM, 1991.

[Vere78]
Vere S., "Inductive Learning of Relational Productions," Pattern-Directed Inference Systems, Waterman D. and Hayes-Roth F. eds., Academic Press, New York, 1978.

[Wang 78]
Word Processor Glossary Decision Processing User Manual, Wang Laboratories Inc., Lowell, MA, 1978.

[Waterman 78]
Waterman D., "Exemplary Programming in RITA," Pattern-Directed Inference Systems, Waterman D. and Hayes-Roth F. eds., Academic Press, New York, 1978.

[Weitzman 88]
Weitzman L., "Designer: A Knowledge-Based Graphic Design Assistant", Technical Report No. ACA-HI-017, Human Interface Laboratory, Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, 1988.

[Werth 92]
Werth A., "Tourmaline: Formatting Document Headings by Example," Masters Thesis, Information Networking Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 1992.

[Wilde 90]
Wilde N. and Lewis C., "Spreadsheet-Based Interactive Graphics: from Prototype to Tool," Proceedings of CHI '90, ACM, Seattle, WA, April 1990, pp. 153 - 159.

[Wilson 88]
Wilson J. and Rosenberg D., "Rapid Prototyping for User Interface Design," Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, North-Holland, New York, 1988, pp. 859 - 875

[Winston 70]
Winston P., "Learning Structure Descriptions from Examples," The Psychology of Computer Vision, Winston P. ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970, pp. 157 - 209.

[Witten 79]
Witten I., "Non-Deterministic Modelling of Behaviour Sequences," International Journal of General Systems, Vol. 5, January 1979, pp. 1 - 12.

[Witten 81]
Witten I., "Programming by Example for the Casual User: A Case Study," Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of the Canadian Man-Computer Communication Society, CMCCS, Waterloo, June 1981, pp. 105 - 113.

[Witten 86]
Witten I., "Modeling Behaviour Sequences: Principles, Practice, Prospects," Future Computing Systems, Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1986, pp. 55 - 81.

[Witten 88]
Witten I. and MacDonald B., "Using Concept Learning for Knowledge Acquisition," International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, August 1988, pp. 171 - 196.

[Witten 91]
Witten I. and Maulsby D., "Evaluating Programs Formed by Example: An Informational Heuristic," New Results and New Trends in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991, pp. 388 - 402.

[Wittenburg 91]
Wittenburg K., Weitzman L. and Talley J., "Unification-based Grammars and Tabular Parsing for Graphical Languages," Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 2, June 1991, pp. 347 - 370.

[Wolber 91]
Wolber D. and Fisher G., "A Demonstrational Technique for Developing Interfaces with Dynamically Created Objects," Proceedings of the Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, ACM SIGGRAPH, Hilton Head, NC, November 1991, pp. 221 - 230.

[Young 89]
Young M., Mastering Microsoft Word on the Macintosh, SYBEX Inc., San Francisco, 1989.

[Zimmerman 87]
Zimmerman T., Lanier J., Blanchard C., Bryson S. and Harvill Y., "A Hand Gesture Input Device," Proceedings of the Conference of Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface, ACM SIGCHI, Toronto, April 1987, pp. 189 - 192.

[Zloof 77a]
Zloof M. and de Jong S., "The System for Business Automation (SBA): Programming Language," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 20, No. 6, June 1977, pp. 385 - 396.

[Zloof 77b]
Zloof M., "Query-by-Example: A Data Base Language," IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 16, Fall 1977, pp. 324 - 343.

[Zloof 81]
Zloof M., "QBE/OBE: A Language for Office and Business Automation," IEEE Computer, Vol.14, No. 5, May 1981, pp. 13 - 22.