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| Gordon Wetzstein | Douglas Lanman | Matthew Hirsch | Ramesh Raskar |
SIGGRAPH 2012. ACM Transactions on Graphics 31(4).
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| Figure 1: Wide field of view glasses-free 3D display using tensor displays. (Left) We introduce a new family of light field displays, dubbed tensor displays, comprised of stacks of light-attenuating layers (e.g., multilayer LCDs). Rapid temporal modulation of the layers is exploited, in concert with directional backlighting, to allow large separations between viewers. (Right) Photographs showing one of our multiview display prototypes (Fig. 2, right) from two different perspectives. Tensor displays support smooth motion parallax and binocular disparity at a high resolution for a large depth of field over a wide range of viewpoints. |
Image credit: MIT Media Lab, Camera Culture Group |
We introduce tensor displays: a family of compressive light field displays comprising all architectures employing a stack of time-multiplexed, light-attenuating layers illuminated by uniform or directional backlighting (i.e., any low-resolution light field emitter). We show that the light field emitted by an N-layer, M-frame tensor display can be represented by an Nth-order, rank-M tensor. Using this representation we introduce a unified optimization framework, based on nonnegative tensor factorization (NTF), encompassing all tensor display architectures. This framework is the first to allow joint multilayer, multiframe light field decompositions, significantly reducing artifacts observed with prior multilayer-only and multiframe-only decompositions; it is also the first optimization method for designs combining multiple layers with directional backlighting. We verify the benefits and limitations of tensor displays by constructing a reconfigurable prototype using modified LCD panels and a custom integral imaging backlight. Our efficient, GPU-based NTF implementation enables interactive applications. Through simulations and experiments we show that tensor displays reveal practical architectures with greater depths of field, wider fields of view, and thinner form factors, compared to prior automultiscopic displays.
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Home Theater Geeks - Podcast 122, July 2012
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Expert Reviews - MIT breakthrough promises realistic glasses-free 3D, July 2012
Robaid - Tensor Display - a step closer to glasses-free 3-D TV, July 2012
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3D Focus - More details emerge about MIT Labs glasses free 3D display, July 2012
Slashdot - MIT Develops Holographic, Glasses-Free 3D TV, July 2012
ExtremeTech - MIT develops holographic, glasses-free 3D TV, July 2012
The Verge - Layered LCD panels could create more realistic glasses-free 3D, July 2012
Photonics Spectra - Hitting Every Angle with Autostereoscopic 3-D Displays, May 2012
SIGGRAPHITTI - SIGGRAPH Announces Papers and Courses Highlights, May 2012
3D Artist - SIGGRAPH 2012 Emerging Technologies Highlights, May 2012
G. Wetzstein, D. Lanman, M. Hirsch, R. Raskar. Tensor Displays: Compressive Light Field Synthesis using Multilayer Displays with Directional Backlighting. Proc. of SIGGRAPH 2012 (ACM Transactions on Graphics 31, 4), 2012.
BibTeX@article{Wetzstein:2012:TensorDisplays,
author = {G. Wetzstein and D. Lanman and M. Hirsch and R. Raskar},
title = {{Tensor Displays: Compressive Light Field Synthesis using Multilayer Displays with Directional Backlighting}},
journal = {ACM Trans. Graph. (Proc. SIGGRAPH)},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
year = {2012},
publisher = {ACM},
pages = {1--11},
address = {New York, NY, USA}
}
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Figure 2: Two prototype tensor displays. (Left) A directional backlight, consisting of two crossed lenticular sheets mounted on an LCD, with an additional see-through liquid crystal panel mounted in front of it. This display provides a wide field of view (approx. 48°) within a very thin form factor (as seen in the center left view). (Right) A prototype configured as a three-layer display; three see-through LCD panels are mounted in front of a uniform backlight. The panels are mounted on custom aluminum frames with driver electronics mounted on the frames.
Image credit: MIT Media Lab, Camera Culture Group |
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Figure 3: Directional backlight prototype (see Fig. 2, left) compared to conventional 3D display. A thin, glasses-free 3D display creates the illusion of a virtual scene
floating in front and behind the physical device (left). The directional backlight,
consisting of a lenslet array mounted on an LCD, provides low-resolution 3D images with an additional see-through LCD
mounted in front of the lenslets.
With this tensor display prototype, we achieve a much higher resolution than with the lenslets only (see top vs. bottom closeups); the latter is commonly known
as integral imaging and basically reduces the image resolution by turning each lenslet into a pixel (bottom center and right), whereas tensor displays achieve the full panel
resolution for objects on the display plane (center column) and those extruding from the physical enclosure (right column).
Image credit: MIT Media Lab, Camera Culture Group |
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Figure 4: Two views of the directional backlight prototype (see Fig. 2, left).
Tensor displays are compressive displays, which means that many target views showing a 3D scene
from slightly different positions (a light field) are compressed into the pixel values of a display that has a smaller bandwidth
than the target light field would normally require. A one-to-one mapping between light field rays and display pixels does not exist;
instead, the computational processing (non-negative light field tensor decomposition) automatically computes time-varying
patterns for each display element (right column) that are optically overlayed and perceptually averaged by the observer.
The viewer does not perceive the high-frequency patterns, but observes binocular disparity and smooth motion parallax
for a wide range of viewpoints as he moves around the display (left and center). While the displayed patterns (right) look like noise
on first sight, they actually represent the optimal patterns for displaying the entropy in a compressible target light field.
Image credit: MIT Media Lab, Camera Culture Group |
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Figure 5: Just as cameras with large apertures, all glasses-free 3D displays have a limited depth of field.
That means, virtual objects that extrude more from the physical display enclosure are blurrier than those close to the device.
This figure shows a comparison of upper bounds on depth of field for parallax barriers and integral imaging (red), two-layer (blue)
and three-layer (green) displays with uniform backlighting, and single-layer (yellow) and two-layer (orange) displays with
directional backlighting. The dashed black line denotes the spatial cutoff frequency for each layer. As seen in these plots,
all tensor displays achieve a much higher resolution compared to conventional displays (dashed red line). Multilayer tensor displays
provide a very large depth of field, while directional backlighting provides a very thin display form factor.
Image credit: MIT Media Lab, Camera Culture Group |
Gordon Wetzstein, PhD
MIT Media Lab
gordonw (at) media.mit.edu
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Compressive Light Field Photography (SIG '13) |
Coded Aperture Projection (TOG '10, ICCP '13) |
Layered 3D (SIG '11) |
Polarization Fields (SIG Asia '11) |
Adaptive Image Synthesis (SIG '13) |
