Minsky, Marvin (1974). A framework for representing knowledge (AI Laboratory Memo 306). Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/0-499/AIM-306.ps

http://www.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/Frames/frames.html

Minsky, Marvin (1986). The society of mind. New York: Simon and Schuster.

3 Critiques and essays

Birnbaum, Lawrence (1991). Rigor mortis: a response to Nilsson's "Logic and artificial intelligence." Artificial Intelligence, 47, 57-77.

Clancey, W. J., Smoliar, S. W., and Stefik, M. J. (Eds.) (1994). Contemplating minds: A forum for artificial intelligence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Davis, R., Shrobe, H., & and Szolovits, P. (1993). What is a Knowledge Representation? AI Magazine, 17-33.

http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/ftp/psz/k-rep.html

Giunchiglia, Fausto (1995). An epistemological science of common sense. Book review of John McCarthy's Formalizing Common Sense. Artificial Intelligence, 77, 371-392.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/giunchiglia96epistemological.html

Hayes, P. J. (1977). In defence of logic. Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

McCarthy, John. The well-designed child.

http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/child1.html

McCarthy, John (1996). From here to human-level AI.

http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/human.html

McDermott, D. (1987). A critique of pure reason. Computational Intelligence, 3, 151-160.

Mueller, Erik T. (1999). Prospects for in-depth story understanding by computer. CogPrints cog00000554.

http://www.media.mit.edu/~mueller/papers/storyund.html

Nilsson, Nils. J. (1991). Logic and artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 47, 31-56.

4 Cyc

4.1 Cyc overviews

Guha, Ramanathan, & Lenat, Douglas (1990). Cyc: A midterm report. AI Magazine, 11(3), 32-59.

Guha, Ramanathan, & Lenat, Douglas (1994). Enabling agents to work together. Communications of the ACM, 37(7),127-142.

http://www.acm.org/pubs/citations/journals/cacm/1994-37-7/p126-guha/

Lenat, Douglas (1995). CYC: A large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure. Communications of the ACM, 38(11).

Lenat, Douglas (1997). Cyc Upper Ontology.

http://www.cyc.com/cyc-2-1/index.html

Lenat, Douglas, & Guha, Ramanathan (1990). Building large knowledge-based systems. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Lenat, Douglas, & Guha, Ramanathan (1991). The evolution of CycL, the Cyc representation language. SIGART Bulletin, 2(3), 84-87.

4.2 Cyc criticisms and evaluations

Guha, Ramanathan, & Lenat, Douglas (1993). Re: CycLing paper reviews, Artificial Intelligence, 61(1), 149-174.

Locke, Christopher (1990). Common knowledge or superior Ignorance?

http://www.panix.com/~clocke/ieee.html

Mahesh, Kavi, Nirenburg, Sergei, Cowie, Jim, & Farwell, David (1996). An assessment of Cyc for natural language processing (Technical Report MCCS 96-302). Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico.

http://crl.nmsu.edu/Research/Pubs/MCCS/Postscript/mccs-96-302.ps

Pratt, Vaughan (1994). Cyc report.

http://boole.stanford.edu/cyc.html

http://www.cs.umbc.edu/~narayan/proj/cyc-critic.html

Stefik, Mark J., & Smoliar, Stephen W. (1993). The commonsense reviews. Artificial Intelligence, 61, 37-179.

http://www1.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/0/5/6/0/1/

http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~brendy/CYC_report.txt

5 Architectures for common sense

5.1 The society of mind

Minsky, Marvin (1986). The society of mind. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Minsky, Marvin (forthcoming). The Emotion Machine.

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/E1/eb1.html

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/E2/eb2.html

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/E3/eb3.html

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/E4/eb4.html

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/E5/eb5.html

Minsky, Marvin (1981). Jokes and their relation to the cognitive unconscious. In Vaina and Hintikka (Eds.), Cognitive Constraints on Communication. Reidel.

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/jokes.cognitive.txt

Minsky, Marvin (1991). Logical vs. analogical or symbolic vs. connectionist or neat vs. scruffy. AI Magazine, Summer 1991.

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/SymbolicVs.Connectionist.html

Minsky, Marvin (1994). Negative expertise. International Journal of Expert Systems, 7(1), 13-19.

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/NegExp.mss.txt

5.2 The cognition and affect project

Beaudoin, Luc P. (1994). Goal processing in autonomous agents.

http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/cogaff/0-INDEX81-95.html#38

Sloman, Aaron (1981). Why robots will have emotions. Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/cogaff/0-INDEX81-95.html#36

Sloman, Aaron (1998). Damasio, Descartes, alarms and meta-management.

http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/cogaff/0-INDEX96-99.html#36

Sloman, Aaron (1998). What’s an AI toolkit for?

http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/cogaff/0-INDEX96-99.html#34

5.3 Blackboard systems

Carver, N., & Lesser, V. (1994). Evolution of blackboard control architectures. Expert Systems with Applications 7, 1-30.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/carver92evolution.html

Engelmore, R. and Morgan, T. (1988). Blackboard systems. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Hayes-Roth, B. (1985). A blackboard architecture for control. Artificial Intelligence, 26, 251-321.

Nii, H. P. (1986). Blackboard Systems: The blackboard model of problem solving and the evolution of blackboard architectures. AI Magazine, 7(2), 38-53.

5.4 Other heterogeneous architectures

Mueller, Erik T. (1990). Daydreaming in humans and machines: A computer model of the stream of thought. Norwood, NJ: Ablex/Intellect.
ftp://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/tech-report/198_-reports/870017.pdf

Mueller, Erik T. (1998). Natural language processing with ThoughtTreasure. New York: Signiform.

http://www.signiform.com/tt/book/

Riecken, Doug (1994). M: An architecture of integrated agents. Communications of the ACM, 37(7), 107-116.

Singh, Push (1999). Big list of mental agents for common sense thinking.

http://www.media.mit.edu/people/push/agencies.html

5.5 Soar

Laird, J.E., & Rosenbloom, P.S. (1996). The evolution of the Soar cognitive architecture. In T. Mitchell (Ed.) Mind Matters.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/laird94evolution.html

Lehman, J.F., Laird, J.E., & Rosenbloom, P.S. (1996). A gentle introduction to Soar, an architecture for human cognition. In S. Sternberg & D. Scarborough (Eds.) Invitation to Cognitive Science (Volume 4).

http://www.cse.msu.edu/~cse841/papers/Soar.pdf

Newell A., & Simon, H. A. (1963). GPS, a program that simulates human thought. In E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman, editors, Computers and Thought, pages 279-293. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Newell, A. (1990). Unified Theories of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Rosenbloom, P.S., Laird, J.E. & Newell, A. (1993). The Soar Papers: Readings on Integrated Intelligence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

5.6 Other unified architectures

Anderson, John R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

6 Logical formalisms for commonsense reasoning

6.1 Overviews

Davis, Ernest (1990). Representations of Commonsense Knowledge. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.

http://www.mkp.com/books_catalog/catalog.asp?ISBN=1-55860-033-7

Hobbs, Jerry R., & Moore, Robert C. (Eds.). (1985). Formal theories of the commonsense world. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

McCarthy, John (1990). Formalizing common sense. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/

6.2 Situation calculus

McCarthy, John, & Hayes, Patrick J. (1969). Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. In D. Michie & B. Meltzer (Eds.), Machine intelligence 4. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.

http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcchay69/mcchay69.html

Reiter, Raymond (2001). Knowledge in action: Logical foundations for specifying and implementing dynamical systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

6.3 Event calculus

Kowalski, R. & Sergot, M. J. (1986). A logic-based calculus of events. New Generation Computing, 4, 67-95.

Shanahan, Murray (1997). Solving the frame problem. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Shanahan, Murray (1999). The Event Calculus explained. In M. J. Wooldridge & M. Veloso (Eds.), Artificial intelligence today (pp. 409-430). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

http://www-ics.ee.ic.ac.uk/~mpsha/ECExplained.ps.Z

6.4 Language of the causal calculator

Akman, Varol, Erdogan, Selim, & Lee, Joohyung, & Lifschitz, Vladimir (2001). A representation of the traffic world in the language of the causal Calculator. Fifth Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning.

http://www.cs.nyu.edu/faculty/davise/commonsense01/final/akman.ps

Lee, Joohyung, Lifschitz, Vladimir, & Turner, Hudson (2001). A representation of the zoo world in the language of the causal calculator. Fifth Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning.

http://www.cs.nyu.edu/faculty/davise/commonsense01/final/lee.ps

McCain, N., & Turner, H. (1997). Causal theories of action and change. Proceedings of the Fourteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/mccain97causal.html

McCain, N., & Turner, H. (1995). A causal theory of ramifications and qualifications. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/mccain95causal.html

6.5 Features and fluents

Sandewall, Erik (1994). Features and fluents: The representation of knowledge about dynamical systems (Volume I). Oxford University Press.

Doherty, Patrick, Gustafsson, Joakim, Karlsson, Lars, & Kvarnstrom, Jonas (1998). TAL: Temporal Action Logics language specification and tutorial.

http://www.ep.liu.se/ea/cis/1998/015/

6.6 Default reasoning

de Kleer, J. (1986). An assumption based truth maintenance system. Artificial Intelligence, 28, 127-162.

Doyle, J. (1979). A truth maintenance system. Artificial Intelligence, 12, 231-272.

McDermott, D., & Doyle. J. (1980). Non-monotonic logic I. Artificial Intelligence 13, 41-72.

Reiter, R. (1980). A logic for default reasoning. Artificial Intelligence 13, 81-132.

6.7 Circumscription

Lifschitz, Vladimir (1994). Circumscription. In Handbook of logic in AI and logic programming (Volume 3). Oxford University Press.

http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/vl/mypapers/circumscription.ps

McCarthy, John (1980). Circumscription—A form of non-monotonic reasoning. Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 13, 27-39.

http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/circumscription.html

7 Other mechanisms for common sense

7.1 Analogy and metaphor

Falkenhainer, B., Forbus, K.D., & Gentner, D. (1990). The structure-mapping engine: Algorithm and examples. Artificial Intelligence, 41, 1-63.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/falkenhainer89structuremapping.html

Forbus, K. D., Gentner, D., Markman, A. B., & Ferguson, R. W. (1998). Analogy just looks like high-level perception: Why a domain-general approach to analogical mapping is right. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 10(2), 231-257.

http://www.psych.nwu.edu/psych/people/faculty/gentner/pdfs%20papers/forbus-gentner-98.pdf

Gentner, D. (2001). Spatial metaphors in temporal reasoning. In M. Gattis (Ed.), Spatial schemas in abstract thought (pp. 203-222). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

http://www.psych.nwu.edu/psych/people/faculty/gentner/pdfs%20papers/spatial%20schemas.2001.pdf

Gentner, D., Bowdle, B., Wolff, P., & Boronat, C. (2001). Metaphor is like analogy. In D. Gentner, K. J. Holyoak, & B. N. Kokinov (Eds.), The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science (pp. 199-253). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

http://www.psych.nwu.edu/psych/people/faculty/gentner/pdfs%20papers/gentner-a2k-01.pdf

Lakoff G. & Johnson M. (1990) Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.

7.2 Case-based reasoning

Carbonell, J. (1986). Derivational analogy: A theory of reconstructive problem solving and expertise acquisition. In R.S. Michalski et al. (Eds.), Machine intelligence: An AI approach.

Hammond, C. (1989). Case-based planning: Viewing planning as a memory task. San Diego: Academic Press.

Hammond, K. J. (1990). Explaining and repairing plans that fail. Artificial Intelligence, 45(3), 173-228.

Kolodner, J. (1992). An introduction to case-based reasoning. Artificial Intelligence Review, 6, 3-34.

Kolodner, J. (1993). Case-Based Reasoning. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufman.

Veloso, M. M., & Carbonell, J. G. (1993). Derivational analogy in Prodigy: Automating case acquisition, storage, and utilization. Machine Learning, 10 , 249-278.

7.3 Marker passing

Norvig, Peter (1987). Unified theory of inference for text understanding (Report No. UCB/CSD 87/339). Berkeley, CA: University of California, Computer Science Division.
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Dienst/UI/2.0/Describe/ncstrl.ucb/CSD-87-339

Norvig, Peter (1989). Marker passing as a weak method for text inferencing. Cognitive Science, 13, 569-620.

Hendler, J. (1988). Integrating marker-passing and problem-solving. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

7.4 Reformulation

Amarel, Saul (1968). On representations of problems of reasoning about actions. In Michie (Ed.), Machine Intelligence 3. Edinburgh University Press.

Singh, Push (1998). Failure-directed reformulation (M.Eng. thesis).

http://web.media.mit.edu/~push/reformulation.ps

7.5 Lexical semantics

Fellbaum, Christiane (Ed.). (1998). WordNet: An electronic lexical database. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/papers/

Jackendoff, R. (1983). Semantics and cognition. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.

Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics (Volumes I and II). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mel'cuk, Igor & Polguere, Alain (1987). A formal lexicon in the meaning-text theory (or How to do lexica with words). Computational Linguistics, 13(3-4), 261-275.

Pustejovsky, J. (1995). The generative lexicon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

7.6 Connectionism

Minsky, Marvin, & Papert, Seymour (1988). Perceptrons (Expanded edition). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Miikkulainen, R. (1993). Subsymbolic natural language processing: An integrated model of scripts, lexicon, and memory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Sun, Ron (1994). Integrating rules and connectionism for robust commonsense reasoning. New York: Wiley.

7.7 Situated action

Agre, Philip E. (1997). Computation and human experience. Cambridge University Press.

Suchman, Lucy A. (1987). Plans and situated action. Cambridge University Press.

8 Realms of common sense

8.1 Time

Allen, J. F. (1983). Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals. Communications of the ACM, 26(11), 832-843.

Allen, J. F. (1984). Towards a general theory of action and time, Artificial Intelligence 23, 123-154.

Allen, J. F., & Hayes, P. J. (1985). A common-sense theory of time. Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 528-531.

Allen, J. F. (1991). Time and time again: The many ways to represent time. International Journal of Intelligent Systems 6(4), 341-356.

http://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/james/

(download ps)

Allen, J. F. (1991). Planning as temporal reasoning. Proceedings of 2nd Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.

http://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/james/kr91.pdf

ter Meulen, A. G. B. (1995). Representing time in natural language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

8.2 Space

Davis, Ernest (1986). Representing and acquiring geographic knowledge. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufman.

Davis, Ernest (1991). Lucid representations (Technical Report 565). Computer Science Department, New York University.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/davis94lucid.html

Davis, Ernest (1995). A highly expressive language of spatial constraints (Technical Report 714). Computer Science Department, New York University.

ftp://cs.nyu.edu/pub/tech-reports/tr714.ps.gz

Kuipers, B. J. (1978). Modeling spatial knowledge. Cognitive Science, 2, 129-153.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/kuipers78modeling.html

Kuipers, B. J. (2000). The spatial semantic hierarchy. Artificial Intelligence, 119, 191-233.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/kuipers00spatial.html

Mukerjee, Amitabha (1998). Neat vs. scruffy: A survey of computational models for spatial expressions. In Representation and processing of spatial expressions.
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/250615.html

8.3 Physics

Hayes, P. J. (1979). Naive physics manifesto. Expert Systems in the Microelectronic Age. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Hayes, P. J. (1985). The second naive physics manifesto. In J. R. Hobbs & R. C. Moore (Eds.), Formal theories of the commonsense world. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Hayes, P. J. (1985). Naive physics I: Ontology for liquids. In J. R. Hobbs & R. C. Moore (Eds.), Formal theories of the commonsense world. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Rieger, C., & Grinberg, M. (1977). The causal representation and simulation of physical mechanisms. Technical Report TR-495, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Maryland.

8.4 Egg cracking

Lifschitz, Vladimir (1998). Cracking an egg: An exercise in formalizing commonsense reasoning.

http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/vl/mypapers/egg.ps

Morgenstern, Leora (2001). Mid-sized axiomatizations of commonsense problems: A case study in egg cracking. Studia Logica, 67, 333-384.

http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0039-3215

Shanahan, Murray (1998). A logical formalisation of Ernie Davis's egg cracking problem.

http://www.dcs.qmw.ac.uk/~mps/egg_murray.ps.Z

8.5 Frames and scripts

Fillmore, C. (1968). The case for case. In E. Bach and R. Harms (Eds.), Universals in linguistic theory. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston.

Minsky, Marvin (1974). A framework for representing knowledge (AI Laboratory Memo 306). Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/0-499/AIM-306.ps

http://www.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/Frames/frames.html

Mueller, Erik T. (1999). A database and lexicon of scripts for ThoughtTreasure.CogPrints cog00000555.

http://www.signiform.com/tt/htm/script.htm

Schank, R. C., and Abelson, R. P. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Wilks, Yorick (1975). A preferential, pattern-seeking, semantics for natural language inference. Artificial Intelligence. 6(1), 53-74.

8.6 Plans and Goals

Allen, James F., Kautz, Henry A., Pelavin, Richard N., & Tenenberg, Josh D. (1991). Reasoning about plans. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.

Schank, R. C., and Abelson, R. P. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schank, Roger C., & Riesbeck, Christopher K. (1981). Inside computer understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

8.7 Beliefs, desires, and intentions

Bratman, M. E., Israel, D. J., and Pollack, M. E. (1988). Plans and resource-bounded practical reasoning. Computational Intelligence, 4(4).

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/bratman88plans.html

Cohen, Philip R., and Levesque, Hector J. (1990). Intention is choice with commitment. Artificial Intelligence, 42, 213-261.

Fagin, Ronald, Halpern, Joseph Y., Moses, Yoram, & Vardi, Moshe Y. (1995). Reasoning About Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Halpern, J. and Moses, Y. (1984). Knowledge and common knowledge in a distributed environment, Proceedings of the Third ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, 50-61. New York: ACM.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/halpern84knowledge.html

Lakemeyer, G. and Levesque, H. J. (1998). AOL: a logic of acting, sensing, knowing, and only knowing, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.

Rao, A.S., & Georgeff, M. P. (1991). Modeling rational agents within a BDI-architecture. In J. Allen, R. Fikes, and E. Sandewall (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (pp. 473-484). San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/rao91modeling.html

Smedslund, Jan (1997). The structure of psychological common sense. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

8.8 Interpersonal relations

Heider, Fritz (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schank, R. C., and Abelson, R. P. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

8.9 Emotions

Dyer, Michael G. (1987). Emotions and their computations: Three computer models. Cognition and Emotion, 1(3), 323-347.

Minsky, Marvin (forthcoming). The Emotion Machine.

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/E1/eb1.html

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/E2/eb2.html

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/E3/eb3.html

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/E4/eb4.html

http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/E5/eb5.html

O'Rorke, P., and Ortony, A. (1994). Explaining emotions. Cognitive science, 18(2), 283-323.

Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., and Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sloman, Aaron (2001). Beyond shallow models of emotion. Cognitive Processing, 1(1).